Chemistry Flashcards — Master Concepts and Formulas

Flashcard 1 - Term: Avogadro's Number

Definition: 6.022 × 10²³ particles/mole. Used to convert between moles and particles (atoms, molecules, ions). Example: 1 mole of carbon = 6.022 × 10²³ atoms.

Explanation: Avogadro's number is fundamental for stoichiometry. It relates macroscopic measurements (moles) to microscopic particles.

Bloom Level: Remember

Flashcard 2 - Term: Ideal Gas Law

Definition: PV = nRT. P=pressure, V=volume, n=moles, R=gas constant (0.0821 L·atm/mol·K), T=temperature (Kelvin). Relates all gas properties.

Explanation: The ideal gas law combines Boyle's, Charles's, and Avogadro's laws. Use it to find any variable if you know the other three.

Bloom Level: Remember

Flashcard 3 - Term: Electronegativity Trend

Definition: Increases left to right across periods, decreases down groups. Fluorine is most electronegative (4.0). Noble gases excluded.

Explanation: Electronegativity measures an atom's ability to attract electrons in a bond. High electronegativity = strong pull on shared electrons.

Bloom Level: Understand

Flashcard 4 - Term: pH Scale

Definition: pH = -log[H⁺]. pH < 7 = acidic, pH = 7 = neutral, pH > 7 = basic. Each unit is a 10× change in [H⁺].

Explanation: pH is a logarithmic scale. pH 5 is 10 times more acidic than pH 6. Strong acids have pH near 0, strong bases near 14.

Bloom Level: Understand

Flashcard 5 - Term: Oxidation-Reduction

Definition: OIL RIG: Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons), Reduction Is Gain (of electrons). Oxidizing agent gets reduced; reducing agent gets oxidized.

Explanation: Redox reactions involve electron transfer. Identify which species loses electrons (oxidized) and which gains (reduced) to balance equations.

Bloom Level: Understand

Flashcard 6 - Term: Molarity

Definition: M = moles/liters. Concentration unit. Example: 2 moles NaCl in 1 L water = 2 M solution. Used in dilution calculations: M₁V₁ = M₂V₂.

Explanation: Molarity is the most common concentration unit in chemistry. Critical for solution stoichiometry and dilution problems.

Bloom Level: Remember